Obesity What Is Eating Me - 1218 Words

Obesity: What is Eating Me? Jonathan Griffin Introduction to Sociology Instructor: Beth Stewart March 06, 2017 Obesity in this country has reached epidemic proportions. The physical, emotional, and socio-economic effects of obesity make it a concern, because it links us to many of the maladies that are killing us. Obesity is a symptom of a more important issue, the manipulation of our food source. We have reached the point in this country where eating a balanced diet does not ensure, nor equate to good nutrition and health. Multinational corporations codify production, and processes the food that make people unhealthy; at a profit. In essence, what we eat may be what is eating away our health. The text states that,†¦show more content†¦Physicians believe, â€Å"Very obese children have been observed to suffer serious health problems which were once believed to affect only older adults, including heart attack, stroke, high blood pressure, arthritis, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and depression. Additionally, physicians feel unsuccessful in treating obesity, largely because of noncompliance, and lack of motivation by patients, and or their support networks.† (CDC, 2012e). The stigma of obesity has a negative effect on the community. A recent study concluded obese individuals are often bullied, and report high levels of weight discrimination in their everyday lives. â€Å"Clear and consistent stigmatization, and in some cases discrimination, can be documented in three important areas of living: employment, education, and health care. Among the findings are that 28% of teachers in one study said that becoming obese is the worst thing that can happen to a person; 24% of nurses said that they are â€Å"repulsed† by obese persons; and, controlling for income and grades, parents provide less college support for their overweight than for their thin children.† (Puhl, Brownell, 2001) Other, undocumented incidents include employers who assume that the obese are lazy, lack stamina, and may not be up to doing many physical tasks. â€Å"TheShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : A Serious Problem1411 Words   |  6 PagesWe are what we eat. Most of us have heard this many times, and just do not believe it; however, it is shockingly true. The human body is made up of the nutrients it extracts from foods (Katz). The importance of the statement â€Å"We are what we eat† often goes unrecognized, thus causing a major problem: parents not providing healthy diets for their children to ensure their best quality of life. Childhood obesity is a serious problem in America, and I believe it stems from parents. I have witnessed thisRead MoreChildhood Obesity Essay892 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood Obesity Amye Cook ENG122: English Composition II Instructor: Jenna Fussell December 17, 2012 What is Childhood Obesity? Childhood obesity is very important in today’s society. Childhood Obesity is when a child have excessive amount of body weight for their age. A child may become over weight because of the amount of food that they may consume into their body. Overweight can be caused because the body may not have enough energy to release the calories. When a child is obesity I thinkRead MoreObesity : A Health Concern For A Lot Of People Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesConcern Overweight and obesity is a health concern for a lot of people in America especially African Americans. Obesity is more prevalent in the African American culture. In today’s society, there are a lot of African American children and teens that are obese due to the unhealthy foods they consume and lack of physical activity. This is a concern because overweight children are more likely to be obese as adults. Research suggest that the growing rate of childhood obesity is steadily increasing nationwideRead MoreChildhood Obesity : Children Can Not Combat Obesity1158 Words   |  5 Pages Childhood Obesity Jesus Dorado DeVry University Prewriting My narrowed topic is that parents need to play a bigger role in helping reduce childhood obesity. Children cannot combat obesity by themselves. My primary audience consists of parents of children (ages 7-12). This is my primary audience because parents of young children should be aware of the potential dangers of childhood obesity. If parents do not teach their children how to make healthy decisions, their children will beRead MoreThe Problems With Childhood Obesity955 Words   |  4 Pages The Problems with Childhood Obesity A growing problem in America is childhood obesity which literally gets over looked every day. Children who are obese are more likely to have cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and other serious health risk when they get older. Childhood obesity has increased highly over the generations. In my opinion causes for childhood obesity includes, not having enough physical activity at home or in schools, and food habits, which the parents is in control of whenRead MoreA Brief Note On Obesity And Its Effect On Obesity1504 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Factors Contribute to Obesity in Children For years I’ve been watching the news in disbelief on how much obesity is increasing in children like if it’s an epidemic that has no control, so I have always asked myself what factors contribute to obesity in children. My knowledge about obesity disorder is limited, but what I do know is that obesity is one of the causes of death in the United States. Obesity grows like a virus when humans abuse their intake of fattening food that has no beneficialRead MoreI Am Very Happy At The Nice Town Of Pleasanton1576 Words   |  7 Pagesproviding for me for the majority of my life. From watching The Dollar Menu short clip as well as viewing the low income and low access article and map I learned that in my neighborhood there really isn t limited access to any supermarkets. I have grown up my whole life in Pleasanton with grocery stores located all at walking distance to me and for those around me. When I looked up my neighborhood though it did show Livermore, a city that is a bout a five or less minute drive from me having a fewRead MoreObesity : A Healthy Life Style1014 Words   |  5 Pagesyears, the number of cases of obesity was found to have more than tripled from 5 to 16 per cent between 1990 and 2001.† This was stated by Nerys Williams in Management of Obesity in Adolescents and Children (Williams) II. There are not enough people practicing and maintaining a healthy life style and there is a need for more health education within schools. III. Throughout the United States more and more people are becoming overweight and having to deal with obesity. IV. I have thoroughly researchedRead MoreWhat You Eat Is Your Business Essay1140 Words   |  5 Pages In Radley Balko’s essay â€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business,† Balko argues that what we put into our bodies is our business, not the government’s, and that personal responsibility should be primary in our nutrition choices. I agree wholeheartedly. However, while I do agree that personal responsibility is paramount, in the new age of the Affordable Care Act (which had not been implemented prior to Balko’s writing), it is becoming hard to say that the government should stay out of my business, when healthcareRead MoreObesity Is A Serious Issue1494 Words   |  6 PagesA lot of people think that obesity is something that s not a serious issue and can be resolved in a matter of seconds. Well their wrong. Obesity is a life changing disease that kills thousands of people daily. Obesity is a chronic illness due to an abundance of fat in the body. Only a certain amount of fat in the body is required to store things like body heat and energy. Too much body fat ho wever, can be tragic to our bodies. Obesity is not just in adults. It’s seen more and more in teens as well

Cultures of Uzbekistan and Georgia - 5233 Words

Contents Introduction 2 The insights of Georgian culture 3 Wine Production in Georgia 5 Cultural Analysis 7 Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions 7 Hall’s Context Dimension 9 Laurent 10 Uzbek Culture 11 Wine Production in Uzbekistan 12 Cultural Analysis 13 Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions 13 Hall’s Context Dimension 15 Laurent 15 Conclusion 16 Recommendation 17 Bibliography 18 Appendix 23 Introduction Culture is perceived to be one of the difficult words to define and anthropologist Margaret Mead termed culture as being ‘shared patterns of behavior’ (Schneider S. C., and Barsoux J., 2003, 2nd ed., pg21). Culture is also defined by language, religion, beliefs, customs, cuisine, dress code, literature, music etc., and is known to act†¦show more content†¦In comparison to other cultures, the business culture in Georgia is indubitably considered to be lacking extensive formality. Georgian entrepreneurs shake hands, both upon greeting and leaving, which should usually be induced by those who are of higher status and important positions. In addition, they are a relationship orientated culture, meaning that they concentrate on the people that are involved and their feelings rather than concentrating on the task on hands or known facts. Georgians freely exert emotions when communicating, be it excitement or disappointment, and have a propensity to look from sensitive point of few when forwarding complex information (Goderdzishvili, N.). As Nikas informed eye contact is usually maintained to both define the importance of message and express trust. When in the business meetings, the guests are expected to introduce themselves giving full background information and share their experiences. Wine Production in Georgia Another unique interpretation of wine production in Georgia is â€Å"passport to civilized world† (cafebabel.co.uk). Wine is obviously the most valued asset of Georgians due to the fact that wine industry is the tourist attraction, which brings about booming results in both tourism sector and economy of the country. It’s also been claimed that the tourismShow MoreRelatedEthnic Differences Between Nationality And Ethnicity1561 Words   |  7 Pagespeacefully by recognizing each other as different nationalities. In some multinational states, one nationality, especially if they are larger in number, will try to overpower the other nationality. Sometimes the two nationalities will mix their cultures, but other times they will stay culturally distinctly different. The United Kingdom is a good example of a multinational state. it has four main nationalities: England, Scottish, Wales, and Northern Ireland. multi-ethnic state - is a state thatRead MoreReflection Paper on ‚Äà ºClavijo‚Äà ´s Embassy to Tamerlane‚Äà ¹834 Words   |  4 Pageswriter. In 1403-06 he was sent as an ambassador to the court of Timur, founder and ruler of Timurid Empire, by the Henry III of Castile. The original intention of the journey was to meet Timur in his winter pasturage in Qarabagh what is now modern Georgia, but due to the bad weather they were forced to return back to Constantinople to spend the winter. Then they continued their travel, but were unable to catch up Timur because of his rapid moving, so they had to follow his way till the Samarqand, capitalRead MoreThe Effects Of Discrimination On International Students825 Words   |  4 Pageshosted by the United Kingdom, the second leading host country†. Hosting millions of international students who were in The United States in 2015. However, international students faced many challenges when they arrive in The U .S., such as language, culture, and unequal treatment due to as racism. Because international students faced discrimination, that has a negative effect on their psychological. In the United States’ universities, Asian international students faced discrimination by the policy ofRead MoreThe Wrestling Of Amateur Wrestling1178 Words   |  5 Pagesdiffusion of wrestling is the Westling Western Australia (figure 1.0), which is part AIS. B-Spatial Distribution Of Wrestling Spatial distribution for the world is quite simple, countries such as Soviet Union republics, especially Armenia, Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan, Bulgaria, Turkey, Hungary, Cuba, Japan, South and North Korea, Germany, Sweden and Finland. dominate the wrestling at the Olympics and World Champions. This can be linked back to Figure 1.2. A map of AustraliaRead MoreImpacts Of The Regional Trading Blocs1192 Words   |  5 Pagesunits. For example, the European Union (EU) as other regional blocs gathers different countries that share the same geographical borders and differ in cultures, languages, and political systems. Actually, the differences and similarities between the various political structures and economic objectives are due to numerous factors such as history, culture, and the level of imports and exports to each country. However, the impacts of the regional trading blocs have some disadvantages that have negativeRead MoreKorean, Korean And South Korea Essay1961 Words   |  8 PagesKorean people.† (Hallen) Since it’s origins, the Korean language has been puzzling to westerners unfamiliar with this literally foreign language. Most Americans are familiar with Korea and it’s divide because of the Korean war in the 1950’s, yet their culture and language are not as acknowle dged as they should be. Although Korean is only an official language in North and South Korea, people speak it all over the world. To unlock the mystery of Korean, it is necessary to look not only at it’s geographicRead MoreHow the Fall of the Soviet Union Has Affected The World1880 Words   |  8 Pagesbeginning to crumble in Europe. By 1991, the last country of the Soviet Union, Georgia, officially declared independence ending the Soviet Union.(Fall of the Soviet Union) Thus, the fall of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe occurred after almost 70 years of existence. In the wake of the Soviet Union’s fall, many new nations were created. Among these new nations were Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Moldova, Armenia, Georgia, and Kazakhstan. The creation these new nations caused problems, some of whichRead MoreProblems of Modern Russia Essay2202 Words   |  9 Pages2007, Russia adopted the 260,000 immigrants. â€Å"The top ten countries from which migrants are leaving: Ukraine (33 000), Kazakhstan (32 520), Uzbekistan (30 000), Kyrgyzstan (10, 000), Mongolia (9000), Arab countries (8500), Africa (7700), Turkmenistan (6000) and China (6000). For these countries are Iran (3500) and Iraq (3500), with Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, all of which were given 3,000 immigrants.† (Federal State Statistics Service 2013) That’s why in 2013 Russia became the second countryRead MoreThe First Assigned Readings For Mba 6603414 Words   |  14 Pagesrules of both culture and communication and examples of issues and incidents that arise in the international marketplace when â€Å"blunders† occur. One of the main causes of â€Å"blunders† within the international marketplace arises because of the differences in culture between countries and companies attempted to expand into their respective marketplace. The text cites many of the cultural differences that reflect upon business in this chapter. It was interesting to learn that in Arab cultures deadlinesRead MoreAsia: the Worlds Largest and Most Popular Continent4519 Words   |  19 PagesMountains  and the  Caspian  and  Black Seas.  It is bounded on the east by the  Pacific Ocean, on the south by the  Indian Ocean  and on the north by the  Arctic Ocean.   Asia differs very widely among and within  its regions  with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties and government systems. Area: about 49 700,000 km2  (19 189 277 mi2) it covers about 60 percent of Earths total land area. Population: more than 4 billion human inhabitants (4,157 million), about 60 percent

Mass Media and Popular Culture Free Essays

Mass Media and Popular Culture March, 2009 Let us face the facts, mass media and popular culture need each other to coexist. Furthermore, in today’s society the mass media serves the interest of popular culture. Moreover, it is the vehicle of free speech in a diverse, multicultural society. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media and Popular Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition, mass media refers to communication via radio, televisions, movie theaters, television, newspapers, magazines, and, etc; thereby, reaching out to the larger audience. On the contrary, popular culture can refer broadly to common aesthetic or life practices, in both the statistical and qualitative senses. However, therapists have used the term more precisely to designate a particular form of common culture that arises only in the modern period. Therefore, popular culture in this account is distinct from both folk culture and high culture: unlike the former, it is mass-produced; unlike the latter, it is mass consumed. As a result, both have played a vital role in the development of Popular American Culture. In this paper, Learning Team D will examine the relationships among the media; address the impact of the mass media on advertising, and enculturation, as well as the impact of the Internet and globalization on popular culture, and the interpersonal communication and formation of normative cultural values. The description of the definition of mass media on enculturation is defined as â€Å"the process by which an individual learns the traditional content of a culture and assimilates its practices and values†. (Merriam-Webster, 2009). The media is part of our day to day lives enculturation. In which the population is used to the culture of TV, radio, Internet and any other forms that we use in viewing of the popular media of our culture. The mass media can have a great impact on the enculturation in which according to Paul A. Herbig â€Å"The average American is exposed to 61,556 words from the mass media each day which works out to just under 4,000 words per waking hour, about 60 words per waking minute per person per day. † (Herbig Kramer, 1994). As also data changes so mass media can keep changing he way the population views the different culture and change things on their own. Media and advertising work together because of their interdependent relationship. Popular culture bombards society by billboards, television, advertisements, radio, Internet, and any other imaginable form. Advertisements drawl a large amount of attention because of the persuasive nature of the context. Advertising serves as a way to interact with the audience, but more specifically targets people who are preoccupied with the values of consumerism. These people purchase commodity goods in large amounts. The advertisements may be shown on television (Home Shopping Network, info-ads, or commercials), heard on the radio, or published in an ad in the newspaper, a magazine, newsletter, or another form of publication. Advertising fabricates cultural values and downgrade the normative cultural values. The formation of normative cultural values influence the way people think, act, and live their lives upon. The relationship between the media, advertising, and formation of normative cultural values is how advertisements affect the media, the media affects society, and society affects the market. This relationship works in a circle, and also cause and effect. Each has an influence on one another. Television has probably the biggest influence because society can see what is being advertised, what celebrities are wearing, what the seasons fashion trends are, and then hear everything. For instance, Paris Hilton’s saying â€Å"that’s hot. † That saying was everywhere because Paris Hilton said â€Å"that’s hot† on her reality TV show The Simple Life. Society mimics what is seen and heard through the media. (Rigel) The tendency to aggression is an innate, independent, instinctual disposition in man†¦ it constitutes the powerful obstacle to culture† Sigmund Freud. American popular culture is largely impacted by mass media in every sense. Popular culture in American is influenced by the internet and globalized because of the various was to communicate quickly around the world. American popular culture is what each person makes of it in th eir own terms based on the perception of the information received through mass media. The many forms of relaying the mass media information such as television, radio and Internet to name a few have sculpted the way Americans feel, believe, act and react to various situations. A person cannot avoid mass media unless he or she had no form of electronics nor did he or she walk outside or read the newspaper. Therefore, each decision and thought created in the minds of Americans is somehow affected by American popular culture. The decisions do not always follow the crowd but move against it, either way a person can make the decision to follow or drift alone. These decisions, methods of thinking, actions and reactions have all developed into cultural values of the American people. Cultural values revolve around popular culture because they create the ideals that people live by. For example, the way a family dresses the children of the family or allows the teenagers to dress in a family is determined by the reactions of popular culture. Additionally, religion is another area of culture that can be dominated by popular culture. â€Å"A nation’s culture resides in the hearts and in the soul of its people† Mohandas Gandhi. References Herbig, P. A. , Kramer, H. (1994). The effect of information overload on the innovation choice process. Journal of Consumer marketing, 11(2), 45. 54. Retrieved February 19, 2010, from http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail? vid=4hid=112sid=63a6ab34-57d5-423b-956c-e5543b814d08%40sessionmgr108. Merriam-Webster. (2009). Retrieved February 19, 2010, from http://www. search. eb. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/dictionary? va=enculturationquery=enculturation. How to cite Mass Media and Popular Culture, Essay examples

Abstract on Rose diseases Essay Example For Students

Abstract on Rose diseases Essay title = abstract on Rose diseasesDisease ControlMulti-Purpose Fungicide Daconil 2787 Plant Disease ControlThis product is widely used for broad spectrum disease control on lawns, ornamentals and listedfruits and vegetables. Controls many foliar diseases such as: rust, black spot, leaf spot, blights,anthracnose and powdery mildew as listed on the label. Also controls conifer diseases and lawndiseases such as brown patch, red thread, rust and dollar spot. Can be mixed with insecticides asspecified on the label to make a multi-purpose spray. WHAT IS POWDERY MILDEW?Powdery Mildew looks like white fuzzy powder that accumulates on leaves and stemspredominantly in spring, and again to a lesser degree in fall. It is actually a fungus that is spread bymillions of microscopic spores. It imbeds itself into tender new growth and feeds on the sap of theplant. By the time the naked eye can see the white powder, it has already invaded the plant tissueand is feeding and reproducing at a rapid pace. As it spreads itself on the surface, it eventually killsthe cells of the plant leaf, leaving the leaf rippled and curled. Mildew spores are everywhere in the garden in the air, the soil, on debris and on plant surfaces ready to sprout when the environment is just right. Warm days (50-80F) and cool nights withelevated humidity and resultant dew provide ideal conditions. Though humidity promotes fungalgrowth, it grows on DRY plant surfaces, unlike blackspot which requires immersion in water forabout seven hours in order for infection to take place. Tender new growth needs a chance to harden and develop its waxy coating that provides somewhatof a barrier to fungal growth. Therefore, the rosarian must provide protection for new spring growthon a weekly basis. CONTROLLING POWDERY MILDEWControlling mildew doesnt have to mean spraying the planet into oblivion. It includes plant genetics,cultural practices and something as simple as WATER. GENETICS: While rose hybridizers are chastised for breeding OUT fragrance, what they are tryingto accomplish is breeding IN disease resistance. For scientific reasons beyond explanation here, rosegenes dont contain both features its one or the other. Hence, you can expect either fragrant roseswith little disease resistance, or clean plants with little fragrance. Plants with glossy or waxy leavesare less susceptible to mildew, as the leaf surface is harder for spores to penetrate. Rugosas naturallypossess a high degree of disease and pest resistance. Where mildew is a constant problem, the choicein plantings can help prevent the need for extensive maintenance. CULTURAL PRACTICE: Planting bushes with sufficient space between them and away from wallsand fences will provide good air circulation which reduces the chances for mildew. The annual pruning event plays a major role in disease prevention. Stripping leaves from the bush atpruning time, and cleaning up debris in the garden contribute to a cleaner environment. Dormantspraying will at least wipe out last years spores, leaving only this years to contend with. Keeping thecenters of the bush open during the growing season will aid air circulation. Avoid the use of other plant materials with high mildew susceptibility, such as euonymus andtuberous begonias. Apply a thick layer of mulch in early spring to cover spores in the soil that mayhave wintered over. WATER is perhaps the most misconceived element surrounding powderymildew. Many gardeners still subscribe to the belief that you should NEVER get rose foliage wet. On the contrary, a high-pressure spray of water will remove mildew spores that havent imbeddedthemselves yet, and prevent them from germinating. Higher incidence of mildew during periods ofrain is caused by the moisture in the air and soil increasing the humidity that promotes mildew not by water on the leaves. Similarly, watering early in the day will allow the soil surface to dry outa bit before the cool night temperatures arrive, reducing humidity from moist soil. PREVENTION IS THE ONLY CUREOnce powdery mildew is apparent to the eye, it cant be eradicated. It simply must be prevented. Prevention is achieved by coating the plant tissue with something that provides a barrier to preventfungus from gaining a foothold and invading the plant tissue. Growth is so rapid in spring that theleaves unfolding THIS week wont be protected by what you sprayed LAST week. This is the reasonyou find application schedules of every 7-10 days on most fungicides, and the reason you mustfollow that schedule. The choice of what the SOMEthing is that you choose to spray is widening. Fungicides are the mostwidely used because they are chemically formulated to specifically combat fungus diseases. Recentreports of non- toxic, environmentally-friendly products such as baking soda and anti-transpirantsare proving very encouraging also. FUNGICIDES are any of a number of chemicals labeled to combat powdery mildew, and do so byinterfering with its metabolic life process, rendering it unable to grow and spread. Although theymust be in place on the plant before the spores arrive, they do have systemic action meaning theymove into the plant tissue providing a residual effect for a short period. Fungicides are available in many forms liquids (mix readily with water), emulsifiable concentrates(a thicker, usually milky substance), wettable powders (require thorough mixing prior toapplication). Each has its own properties, all are effective. Most, however, have a medium-to-highdegree of toxicity to humans. Extreme caution should be used to cover eyes, skin and hair, and use apainters mask or respirator during application. They are mixed at various rates, usually 1tablespoon per gallon of water, and require application every 7-10 days. BAKING SODA: New research shows that simple baking soda is a powerful weapon againstfungus-caused rose diseases, wrote Kristi Clark in her September 1992 American Rose Magazinearticle. In a world that is becoming increasingly aware of environmental concerns, more attention is beingpaid to finding alternative measures to widespread chemical use. Sodium bicarbonate(grocery-variety baking soda) was tested originally to determine its effectiveness in preventingblackspot. During the experiments, it was noticed that no powdery mildew was found on any of thetest roses. Controlled experiments were conducted for some three years, using sodium bicarbonate orpotassium bicarbonate in various combinations with insecticidal soap, Sunspray ultra-fine sprayoil, or only water. The result: both diseases were subdued by a weekly spraying of either sodium orpotassium bicarbonate at 3 teaspoons per gallon of water, combined with Sunspray at 2 tablespoonsper gallon of water. The bicarbonates eliminated the fungi, but addition of the Sunspray provided aspreader-sticker action that increased its performance. Sunspray is available commercially as Safer Sunspray. As Clark cautioned, do not attempt higherconcentrations of the solutions, as leaf burn may result. Rain or overhead watering may wash thesolution off, reducing its effect. ANTI-TRANSPIRANTS are another group of substances that hold promise as a non-toxic methodof controlling powdery mildew (as well as pests). Anti-transpirants are emulsions and acrylicpolymers that were developed to form an impermeable film on plant surfaces to substantially reducemoisture loss. Several brands are available; look for a white liquid, about the consistancy of milk. They are widely used on cut Christmas trees to retard drying and needle drop, and on plants toprovide protection from drought, heat, wind and transplant shock. Since the thin film preventstranspiration of moisture both in and out of the leaf it makes sense that it would also preventfungus spores from permeating the leaf surface. Some rosarians have used antitranspirants in combination with fungicides, and feel the combinationworks better than fungicide alone. Others have used it entirely alone, and find that it works very wellall by itself. Packaging directs us to water plants well and allow them time to take up the waterbefore spraying. Since anti-transpirants are NOT yet labeled for disease protection, there is noaccepted formula for application. They come in various concentrations that would require more orless dilution anywhere from 1 tablespoon to 1/2 cup per gallon of water. Again, frequency is notaddressed once a week once a month? At this stage its sort of experimental. If a residue is lefton the foliage (objectionable to you as an exhibitor) then reduce the ratio. Whether we choose the fungicide method or the non-toxic approach to controlling powdery mildewprobably depends upon the degree of severity we encounter on a regular basis. Regardless of theproduct selected, it must be used on a regular basis in the proper dilution to prevent fungal growthwithout damaging plant tissue. Art Expression EssayThe Heat Therapy Program at Florida Southern College Florida Southern Colleges heat therapyprogram was initiated with the following goals:1.To produce rootstock plants adapted to rose culture in Florida that are known to be free of RM,particularly Fortuniana and Fun Jwan Lo . 2.To rid commonly grown scion cultivars (including oldgarden rose cultivars) of RM. 3.To provide propagating material of rootstock and scion cultivars tonurseries interested in cooperating with the program, thus enabling Florida residents to purchasedisease-free plants on desirable rootstocks. 4.To maintain a RM-free garden for the preservation ofhealthy germplasm of the treated cultivars. The heat therapy procedures are similar to thoseemployed by the programs at the Oregon State University and the University of California at Davis. Infected scionwood is budded or grafted to Fortuniana rootstock and grown to a 2-gallon size plant. The potted plant is placed in a controlled-environment chamber, where the temperature is held at aconstant 38 C (100 F) for 21-35 days. The heat treatment does not cure the plant, but RM-freematerial can be obtained as follows: Axillary buds from the treated plant are budded onto RM-freerootstocks. Most of the axillary buds on the heat-treated plant will be free of RM. Once the newbudlings are growing, they must be tested to insure freedom from RM, a process known asindexing.We use three indexing methods:1.Mme. Butterfly Buds from the plant to be tested are budded to established plants of virus-freeMme Butterfly an older Hybrid Tea which shows brilliant mosaic symptoms when first infected. This is usually done in the autumn. The plant is allowed to grow a new flush of Mme. Butterflyleaves during the spring, and those leaves are observed for symptoms. 2.Shirofugen Buds from theplant to be tested are budded to branches of Shirofugen a Japanese flowering cherry tree. Roses andcherries are not graft-compatible, so the graft always dies. If the bud was not infected, the cherrybranch heals over, cleanly. But if the rose bud contained mosaic virus, the virus will be transferredto the cherry branch, which will react by producing a sticky, gummy oozing sap, and the areaaround the graft union will die. Cherry trees dont grow well in Central Florida, so we contract withthe University of California to do this test for us. We ship them budwood to be tested, in June. 3.ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay is a laboratory method, using rabbit antibodies. It is a quick (less than one day) laboratory test, and not only tells whether any virus is present, butcan often determine exactly which virus, and sometimes even which specific strain of a virus, ispresent. We contract with the Washington State University, to do this test, sending them leaf samplesin cool weather. The program at Florida Southern College is now nearly 10 years old. We have heat-treated and/orindexed hundreds of varieties, and now maintain more than 350 virus-free scion varieties, includingaround 200 old garden roses. We also have virus-free rootstocks, including Fortuniana Fun Jwan Loand Dr. Huey. Mosaic-free plant material is available to commercial nurseries for propagation, andit is through our cooperating nurseries that mosaic-free plants are available to the public. Summary and ConclusionsRose mosaic disease currently infects a large percentage of the roses grown in Florida, andthroughout the United States. While hobbyist growers and most nurseries lack the facilities to ridplants of the disease, cultivars can be freed of RM by a simple heat treatment program. FloridaSouthern College is engaged in such a program, and offers virus-free material to commercialnurseries, to the extent that time and facilities will permit. Since RM is believed never to spread bynatural means, there is no legitimate excuse for its continued existence in American rose nurseriesand gardens. While RM is not deadly or otherwise devastating to a rose bush, improved growth andmore flowers of higher quality may be expected from disease-free plants, so it is to a growersadvantage to seek out plants known to be free of the disease. 1.You cant cure it in your garden, but it is not going to spread from bush to bush. So there is nogreat need to dig up and destroy an infected bush . However, if you can find a virus-free plant of thesame variety, you might want to consider replacing the bush, to gain more vigor and greater flowerproduction. 2.If you do your own budding or grafting, remember that those procedures spread thedisease, so try to use virus-free scion wood and virus-free rootstocks. If you root cuttings ofFortuniana that sprouted out from the base of a grafted bush, remember that those cuttings willcontain the virus if the original bush was infected. Also, any scions collected from an infected bushwill produce infected plants, when propagated. 3.Remember that a complete lack of symptoms (i.e.,a healthy looking bush) is the normal situation for an infected plant. Just because a plant appears tobe healthy, even for several years, is no guarantee that it is indeed virus-free. Only indexing can tellyou for sure. 4.One of the major reasons so many nurseries are cleaning up their stock, in recentyears, is customer demand. Please support and commend nurseri es that produce clean plants. Encourage nurseries who dont, to begin growing virus-free roses. If they know it is important toyou, the customer, they will likely respond favorably. While I am not aware of any nursery which sells only virus-free plants, most of the nursery-membersof the CFHRS do grow at least some clean varieties, and will gladly tell you, if you ask, which oftheir stock is clean. It will be quite a long time until all of the commercially propagated heritageroses can be cleaned up, but weve made a good start. Heres a partial listing of older roses availablefrom our program, through retail nurseries:Insecticide chemicals have been linked to childhood immune disorders, nervous system problemsand hyperactivity. Chemicals commonly found in insecticides-like PCBs and DDT- can causenegative estrogen-like effects in some women, contributing to breast, ovary and uterus cancer. Homepesticide users may use an average of up to six times more pesticide per acre than farmers. Insecticide use has increased ten- fold since 1940, but insect induced crop losses doubled to morethan 13 percent. 25-50 percent of air sprayed pesticide does not hit the field and drifts into theenvironment, contaminating soil, water, and air. Pesticide residues on fresh produce can be reducedby thorough washings with water, removing outer leaves, peeling and cooking. However, not allresidues can be removed, especially residue from pesticides that enter fruits and vegetables throughthe soil. Pesticide chemicals remain in the environment long after they are no longerused-DDT, chlordane and heptachlor can linger in the soil for more than 20 years. Consumingorganically grown foods and using alternative pesticide control methods can effectively decreasechemical contamination of humans, animals and the environment.